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NAME
dvdrecord - record audio or data Compact Discs and DVDs from a master
SYNOPSIS
dvdrecord [ general options ] dev=device [ track options ]
track1...trackn
DESCRIPTION
Cdrecord is used to record data or audio Compact Discs on an Orange
Book CD-Recorder.
The device refers to scsibus/target/lun of the CD-Recorder. Communica-
tion on SunOS is done with the SCSI general driver scg. Other operat-
ing systems are using a library simulation of this driver. Possible
syntax is: dev= scsibus,target,lun or dev= target,lun. In the latter
case, the CD-Recorder has to be connected to the default SCSI bus of
the machine. Scsibus, target and lun are integer numbers. Some oper-
ating systems or SCSI transport implementations may require to specify
a filename in addition. In this case the correct syntax for the device
is: dev= devicename:scsibus,target,lun or dev= devicename:target,lun.
If the name of the device node that has been specified on such a system
refers to exactly one SCSI device, a shorthand in the form dev= device-
name:@ or dev= devicename:@,lun may be used instead of dev= device-
name:scsibus,target,lun.
To access remote SCSI devices, you need to prepend the SCSI device name
by a remote device indicator. The remote device indicator is either
REMOTE:user@host: or REMOTE:host:
A valid remote SCSI device name may be: REMOTE:user@host: to allow
remote SCSI bus scanning or REMOTE:user@host:1,0,0 to access the SCSI
device at host connected to SCSI bus # 1,target 0 lun 0.
To make dvdrecord portable to all UNIX platforms, the syntax dev= devi-
cename:scsibus,target,lun is preferred as is hides OS specific knowl-
edge about device names from the user. A specific OS must not neces-
sarily support a way to specify a real device file name nor a way to
specify scsibus,target,lun.
Scsibus 0 is the default SCSI bus on the machine. Watch the boot mes-
sages for more information or look into /var/adm/messages for more
information about the SCSI configuration of your machine. If you have
problems to figure out what values for scsibus,target,lun should be
used, try the -scanbus option of dvdrecord described below.
If a file /etc/dvdrecord.conf exists, the parameter to the dev= option
may also be a drive name label in said file (see FILES section).
On SVr4 compliant systems, dvdrecord uses the the real time class to
get the highest scheduling priority that is possible (higher than all
kernel processes). On systems with POSIX real time scheduling
dvdrecord uses real time scheduling too, but may not be able to gain a
priority that is higher than all kernel processes.
In Track At Once mode, each track corresponds to a single file that
contains the prepared data for that track. If the argument is `-',
standard input is used for that track. Only one track may be taken
from stdin.
GENERAL OPTIONS
General options must be before any track file name or track option.
-version
Print version information and exit.
-v Increment the level of general verbosity by one. This is used
e.g. to display the progress of the writing process.
-V Increment the verbose level in respect of SCSI command transport
by one. This helps to debug problems during the writing pro-
cess, that occur in the CD-Recorder. If you get incomprehensi-
ble error messages you should use this flag to get more detailed
output. -VV will show data buffer content in addition. Using
-V or -VV slows down the process and may be the reason for a
buffer underrun.
debug=#, -d
Set the misc debug value to # (with debug=#) or increment the
misc debug level by one (with -d). If you specify -dd, this
equals to debug=2. This may help to find problems while opening
a driver for libscg as well as with sector sizes and sector
types. Using -debug slows down the process and may be the rea-
son for a buffer underrun.
kdebug=#, kd=#
Tell the scg-driver to modify the kernel debug value while SCSI
commands are running.
-silent, -s
Do not print out a status report for failed SCSI commands.
-force Force to continue on some errors. This option currently imple-
ments some tricks that will allow you to blank bad CD-RW disks.
-dummy The CD-Recorder will go through all steps of the recording pro-
cess, but the laser is turned off during this procedure. It is
recommended to run several tests before actually writing to a
Compact Disk, if the timing and load response of the system is
not known.
-dao Set Disk At Once mode. This currently only works with MMC
drives that support Session At Once mode.
-raw Set RAW writing mode. Using this option defaults to -raw96r.
-raw96r
Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes
of raw P-W subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2448
bytes. This is the preferred raw writing mode as it gives best
control over the CD writing process.
-raw96p
Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes
of packed P-W subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2448
bytes. This is the less preferred raw writing mode as only a
few recorders support it and some of these recorders have bugs
in the firmware implementation. Don't use this mode if your
recorder supports -raw96r or -raw16.
-raw16 Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 6 bytes
of P-Q subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2368 bytes.
If a recorder does not support -raw96r, this is the preferred
raw writing mode. It does not allow to write CD-Text or
CD+Grahpics but it is the only raw writing mode in cheap CD
writers. As these cheap writers in most cases do not support
-dao mode. Don't use this mode if your recorder supports
-raw96r.
-multi Allow multi session CD's to be made. This flag needs to be
present on all sessions of a multi session disk, except you want
to create a session that will be the last session on the media.
The fixation will be done in a way that allows the CD-Recorder
to append additional sessions later. This is done by generation
a TOC with a link to the next program area. The so generated
media is not 100% compatible to manufactured CD's (except for
CDplus). Use only for recording of multi session CD's. If this
option is present, the default track type is CD-ROM XA mode 2.
The Sony drives have no hardware support for CD-ROM XA mode 2.
You have to specify the -data option in order to create multi
session disks on these drives. As long as dvdrecord does not
have a coder for converting data sectors to audio sectors, you
need to force CD-ROM sectors by including the -data option if
you like to record a multisession disk in DAO/SAO mode. Not all
drives allow multisession CD's in DAO/SAO mode.
-msinfo
Retrieve multi session info in a form suitable for mkisofs-1.10
or later.
This option makes only sense with a CD that contains at least
one closed session and is appendable (not finally closed yet).
Some drives create error messages if you try to get the multi
session info for a disk that is not suitable for this operation.
-toc Retrieve and print out the table of content or PMA of a CD.
With this option, dvdrecord will work with CD-R drives and with
CD-ROM drives.
-atip Retrieve and print out the ATIP (absolute Time in Pregroove)
info of a CD recordable or CD rewritable media. With this
option, dvdrecord will try to retrieve the ATIP info. If the
actual drive does not support to read the ATIP info, it may be
that only a reduced set of information records or even nothing
is displayed. Only a limited number of MMC compliant drives sup-
port to read the ATIP info.
If dvdrecord is able to retrieve the lead-in start time for the
first session, it will try to decode and print the manufacturer
info from the media.
-fix The disk will only be fixated (i.e. a TOC for a CD-Reader will
be written). This may be used, if for some reason the disk has
been written but not fixated. This option currently does not
work with old TEAC drives (CD-R50S and CD-R55S).
-nofix Do not fixate the disk after writing the tracks. This may be
used to create an audio disk in steps. An un-fixated disk can
usually not be used on a non CD-writer type drive but there are
audio CD players that will be able to play such a disk.
-waiti Wait for input to become available on standard input before try-
ing to open the SCSI driver. This allows dvdrecord to read it's
input from a pipe even when writing additional sessions to a
multi session disk. When writing another session to a multi
session disk, mkisofs needs to read the old session from the
device before writing output. This cannot be done if dvdrecord
opens the SCSI driver at the same time.
-load Load the media and exit. This only works with a tray loading
mechanism but seems to be useful when using the Kodak disk
transporter.
-eject Eject disk after doing the work. Some Devices (e.g. Philips)
need to eject the medium before creating a new disk. Doing a
-dummy test and immediately creating a real disk would not work
on these devices.
speed=#
Set the speed factor of the writing process to #. # is an inte-
ger, representing a multiple of the audio speed. This is about
150 KB/s for CD-ROM and about 172 KB/s for CD-Audio. If no
speed option is present, dvdrecord will try to get the speed
value from the CDR_SPEED environment. If your drive has prob-
lems with speed=2 or speed=4, you should try speed=0.
blank=type
Blank a CD-RW and exit or blank a CD-RW before writing. The
blanking type may be one of:
help Display a list of possible blanking types.
all Blank the entire disk. This may take a long time.
fast Minimally blank the disk. This results in erasing
the PMA, the TOC and the pregap.
track Blank a track.
unreserve Unreserve a reserved track.
trtail Blank the tail of a track.
unclose Unclose last session.
session Blank the last session.
If used together with the -force flag, this option may be used to blank
CD-RW disks that otherwise cannot be blanked. Note that you may need to
specify blank=all because some drives will not continue with certain
types of bad CD-RW disks. Note also that cdecord does it's best if the
-force flag is used but it finally depends on the drive's firmware
whether the blanking operation will succeed or not.
fs=# Set the fifo (ring buffer) size to #. You may use the same
method as in dd(1), sdd(1) or star(1). The number representing
the size is taken in bytes unless otherwise specified. If a
number is followed directly by the letter `b', `k', `m', `s' of
`f', the size is multiplied by 512, 1024, 1024*1024, 2048 or
2352. If the size consists of numbers separated by `x' or `*',
multiplication of the two numbers is performed. Thus fs=10x63k
will specify a fifo size of 630 kBytes.
The size specified by the fs= argument includes the shared mem-
ory that is needed for administration. This is at least one page
of memory. If no fs= option is present, dvdrecord will try to
get the fifo size value from the CDR_FIFOSIZE environment. The
default fifo size is currently 4 MB.
The fifo is used to increase buffering for the real time writing
process. It allows to run a pipe from mkisofs directly into
dvdrecord. If the fifo is active and a pipe from mkisofs into
dvdrecord is used to create a CD, dvdrecord will abort prior to
do any modifications on the disk if mkisofs dies before it
starts writing. The recommended fifo size is between 4 and 32
MBytes. As a rule of thumb, the fifo size should be at least
equal to the size of the internal buffer of the CD-Recorder and
no more than half of the physical amount of RAM available in the
machine. If the fifo size is big enough, the fifo statistics
will print a fifo empty count of zero and the fifo min fill is
not below 20%. It is not wise to use too much space for the
fifo. If you need more than 8 MB to write a CD on an idle
machine, your machine is either underpowered, has hardware prob-
lems or is mis-configured. The sun4c architecture (e.g. a
Sparcstation-2) has only MMU page table entries for 16 MBytes
per process. Using more than 14 MBytes for the fifo may cause
the operating system in this case to spend much time to con-
stantly reload the MMU tables. Newer machines from Sun do not
have this MMU hardware problem. I have no information on PC-
hardware reflecting this problem.
If you have buffer underruns or similar problems and observe a
zero fifo empty count, you have hardware problems. The fifo size
in this case is sufficient.
dev=target
Sets the SCSI target for the CD-Recorder, see notes above. A
typical device specification is dev=6,0 . If a filename must be
provided together with the numerical target specification, the
filename is implementation specific. The correct filename in
this case can be found in the system specific manuals of the
target operating system. On a FreeBSD system without CAM sup-
port, you need to use the control device (e.g. /dev/rcd0.ctl).
A correct device specification in this case may be
dev=/dev/rcd0.ctl:@ .
On Linux, drives connected to a parallel port adapter are mapped
to a virtual SCSI bus. Different adapters are mapped to differ-
ent targets on this virtual SCSI bus.
If no dev option is present, dvdrecord will try to get the
device from the CDR_DEVICE environment.
If the argument to the dev= option does not contain the charac-
ters ',', '/', '@' or ':', it is interpreted as an label name
that may be found in the file /etc/dvdrecord.conf (see FILES
section).
timeout=#
Set the default SCSI command timeout value to # seconds. The
default SCSI command timeout is the minimum timeout used for
sending SCSI commands. If a SCSI command fails due to a time-
out, you may try to raise the default SCSI command timeout above
the timeout value of the failed command. If the command runs
correctly with a raised command timeout, please report the bet-
ter timeout value and the corresponding command to the author of
the program. If no timeout option is present, a default timeout
of 40 seconds is used.
driver=name
Allows to use a user supplied driver name for the device. To
get a list of possible drivers use driver=help. The reason for
the existence of this option is to allow users to use dvdrecord
with drives that are similar to supported drives but not known
directly by dvdrecord. Use this option with extreme care. If a
wrong driver is used for a device, the possibility of creating
corrupted disks is high. The minimum problem related to a wrong
driver is that the -speed or -dummy will not work.
There are two special driver entries in the list: cdr_simul and
dvd_simul. These driver entries are designed to make timing
tests at any speed or timing tests for drives that do not
support the -dummy option. The simulation drivers implement a
drive with a buffer size of 1MB that can be changed via the
CDR_SIMUL_BUFSIZE environment variable. The simulation driver
correctly simulates even a buffer underrun condition. If the
-dummy option is present, the simulation is not aborted in case
of a buffer underrun.
driveropts=option list
Set driver specific options. The options are specified a comma
separated list. To get a list of valid options use
driveropts=help together with the -checkdrive option. Currently
only the burnfree option is implemented to support Buffer Under-
run Free writing with drives that support Buffer Underrun Free
technology. This may be called: Sanyo BURN-Proof, Ricoh Just-
Link or similar.
-checkdrive
Checks if a driver for the current drive is present and exit.
If the drive is a known drive, dvdrecord uses exit code 0.
-prcap Print the drive capabilities for SCSI-3/mmc compliant drives as
obtained from mode page 0x2A. Values marked with kB use 1000
bytes as kilo-byte, values marked with KB use 1024 bytes as
Kilo-byte.
-inq Do an inquiry for the drive, print the inquiry info and exit.
-scanbus
Scan all SCSI devices on all SCSI busses and print the inquiry
strings. This option may be used to find SCSI address of the CD-
Recorder on a system. The numbers printed out as labels are
computed by: bus * 100 + target
-reset Try to reset the SCSI bus where the CD recorder is located. This
works not on all operating systems.
-overburn
Allow dvdrecord to write more than the official size of a
medium. This feature is usually called overburning and depends
on the fact that most blank media may hold more space than the
official size. As the official size of the lead-out area on the
disk is 90 seconds (6750 sectors) and a disk usually works if
there are at least 150 sectors of lead out, all media may be
overburned by at least 88 seconds (6600 sectors). Most CD
recorders only do overburning in DAO mode. Known exceptions are
TEAC CD-R50S, TEAC CD-R55S and the Panasonic CW-7502. There is
no guarantee that your drive supports overburning at all. Make
a test to check if your drive implements the feature.
-ignsize
Ignore the known size of the medium. This options should be used
with extreme care, it exists only for debugging purposes don't
use it for other reasons. It is not needed to write disks with
more than the nominal capacity. This option implies -overburn.
-useinfo
Use *.inf files to overwrite audio options. If this option is
used, the pregap size information is read from the *.inf file
that is associated with the file that contains the audio data
for a track.
defpregap=#
Set the default pre-gap size for all tracks except track number
1. This option currently only makes sense with the TEAC drive
when creating track-at-once disks without the 2 second silence
before each track.
This option may go away in future.
-packet
Set Packet writing mode. This is an experimental interface.
pktsize=#
Set the paket size to #, forces fixed packet mode. This is an
experimental interface.
-noclose
Do not close the current track, useful only when in packet writ-
ing mode. This is an experimental interface.
mcn=med_cat_nr
Set the Media Catalog Number of the CD to med_cat_nr.
-text Write CD-Text created by cdrecord and based on information taken
from a file that contains ascii information for the text
strings. Currently only the format in the *.inf files created by
cdda2wav is supported. You need to use the -useinfo option in
addition in order to tell cdrecord to read these files. If you
like to write your own CD-Text information, edit the *.inf files
with a text editor and change the field that are relevant for
CD-Text.
textfile=filename
Write CD-Text based on information found in the binary file
filename. This file must contain information in a data format
defined in the SCSI-3 MMC-2 standard and in the Red Book. The
four byte size header that is defined in the SCSI standard is
optional and allows to make the recognition of correct data less
ambiguous. This is the best option to be used to copy CD-Text
data from existing CDs that already carry CD-Text information.
To get data in a format suitable for this option use cdrecord
-vv -toc to extract the information from disk.
TRACK OPTIONS
Track options may be mixed with track file names.
isrc=ISRC_number
Set the International Standard Recording Number for the next
track to ISRC_number.
index=list
Sets an index list for the next track. In index list is a comma
separated list of numbers that are counting from index 1. The
first entry in this list must contain a 0, the following numbers
must be an ascending list of numbers (counting in 1/75 seconds)
that represent the start of the indices. An index list in the
form: 0,7500,15000 sets index 1 to the start of the track, index
2 100 seconds from the start of the track and index 3 200 sec-
onds from the start of the track.
-audio If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-DA (similar to Red Book) audio format. The file with data
for this tracks should contain stereo, 16-bit digital audio with
44100 samples/s. The byte order should be the following: MSB
left, LSB left, MSB right, LSB right, MSB left and so on. The
track should be a multiple of 2352 bytes. It is not possible to
put the master image of an audio track on a raw disk because
data will be read in multiple of 2352 bytes during the recording
process.
If a filename ends in .au or .wav the file is considered to be a
structured audio data file. Cdrecord assumes that the file in
this case is a Sun audio file or a Microsoft .WAV file and
extracts the audio data from the files by skipping over the non-
audio header information. In all other cases, dvdrecord will
only work correctly if the audio data stream does not have any
header. Because many structured audio files do not have an
integral number of blocks (1/75th second) in length, it is often
necessary to specify the -pad option as well. dvdrecord recog-
nizes that audio data in a .WAV file is stored in Intel (little-
endian) byte order, and will automatically byte-swap the data if
the CD recorder requires big-endian data. Cdrecord will reject
any audio file that does not match the Red Book requirements of
16-bit stereo samples in PCM coding at 44100 samples/second.
Using other structured audio data formats as input to dvdrecord
will usually work if the structure of the data is the structure
described above (raw pcm data in big-endian byte order). How-
ever, if the data format includes a header, you will hear a
click at the start of a track.
If neither -data nor -audio have been specified, dvdrecord
defaults to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and
to -data for all other files.
-swab If this flag is present, audio data is assumed to be in byte-
swapped (little-endian) order. Some types of CD-Writers e.g.
Yamaha, Sony and the new SCSI-3/mmc drives require audio data to
be presented in little-endian order, while other writers require
audio data to be presented in the big-endian (network) byte
order normally used by the SCSI protocol. Cdrecord knows if a
CD-Recorder needs audio data in big- or little-endian order, and
corrects the byte order of the data stream to match the needs of
the recorder. You only need the -swab flag if your data stream
is in Intel (little-endian) byte order.
Note that the verbose output of dvdrecord will show you if swap-
ping is necessary to make the byte order of the input data fit
the required byte order of the recorder. Cdrecord will not show
you if the -swab flag was actually present for a track.
-data If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM mode 1 (Yellow Book) format. The data is a multiple of
2048 bytes. The file with track data should contain an ISO-9660
or Rock Ridge filesystem image (see mkisofs for more details).
If the track data is an ufs filesystem image, fragment size
should be set to 2 KB or more to allow CR-drives with 2 KB sec-
tor size to to be used for reading.
-data is the default, if no other flag is present.
If neither -data nor -audio have been specified, dvdrecord
defaults to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and
to -data for all other files.
-mode2 If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM mode 2 format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes.
-xa1 If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM XA mode 1 format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes.
-xa2 If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM XA mode 2 format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes.
-cdi If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CDI format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes.
-isosize
Use the ISO-9660 file system size as the size of the next track.
This option is needed if you want dvdrecord to directly read the
image of a track from a raw disk partition or from a TAO master
CD. In the first case the option -isosize is needed to limit the
size of the CD to the size of the ISO filesystem. In the second
case the option -isosize is needed to prevent dvdrecord from
reading the two run out blocks that are appended by each CD-
recorder in track at once mode. These two run out blocks cannot
be read and would cause a buffer under run that would cause a
defective copy. Do not use this option on files created by
mkisofs and in case dvdrecord reads the track data from stdin.
In the first case, you would prevent dvdrecord from writing the
amount of padding that has been appended by mkisofs and in the
latter case, it will not work because stdin is not seekable.
If -isosize is used for a track, dvdrecord will automatically
add padding for this track as if the -pad option has been used
but the amount of padding may be less than the padding written
by mkisofs. Note that if you use -isosize on a track that con-
tains Sparc boot information, the boot information will be lost.
Note also that this option cannot be used to determine the size
of a file system if the multi session option is present.
-pad If the track is a data track, 15 sectors of zeroed data will be
added to the end of this and each subsequent data track. In
this case, the -pad option is superseded by the padsize= option.
It will remain however as a shorthand for padsize=15s. If the
-pad option refers to an audio track, dvdrecord will pad the
audio data to be a multiple of 2352 bytes. The audio data
padding is done with binary zeroes which is equal to absolute
silence.
-pad remains valid until disabled by -nopad.
padsize=#
Set the amount of data to be appended as padding to the next
track to #. Opposed to the behavior of the -pad option, the
value for padsize= is reset to zero for each new track. See fs=
option for possible arguments. Use this option if your CD-drive
is not able to read the last sectors of a track or if you want
to be able to read the CD on a Linux system with the ISO-9660
filesystem read ahead bug. If an empty file is used for track
data, this option may be used to create a disk that is entirely
made of padding.
-nopad Do not pad the following tracks - the default.
-shorttrack
Allow all subsequent tracks to violate the Read Book track
length standard which requires a minimum track length of 4 sec-
onds. This option is only useful when used in DAO mode. Not
all drives support this feature. The drive must be accept the
resulting CUE sheet.
-noshorttrack
Re-enforce the Red Book track length standard. Tracks must be at
least 4 seconds.
pregap=#
Set the pre-gap size for the next track. This option currently
only makes sense with the TEAC drive when creating track-at-once
disks without the 2 second silence before each track.
This option may go away in future.
-preemp
If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks will indicate that the audio data has been sampled with
50/15
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